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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a motley group of heritable connective tissue disorders (HCTD) caused by a variety of gene mutations that impair the structure and function of collagen. Collagen is the main component of connective tissue and the most common protein in the body. It accounts for “approximately 6% of total body weight” (Seeley 1998). It is very strong, flexible and has a microscopic rope-like appearance. Its main function is to provide strength and structural support throughout the body.

The gene mutations in those with EDS are varied and a new set of Diagnostic Criteria has been introduced in 2017 that takes into account specific gene mutations. I have hEDS the hypermobility type for which no gene mutation has been identified. EDS is a vastly complex condition with overlapping features between subtypes and other HCTDs and a diagnosis now heavily relies on confirming a known genetic marker except for hEDS. I have some overlapping features and a family history that includes other types.

hEDS is not the obscure condition it once was and most medical professionals I meet are now, if not familiar with, at least aware of its existence. I never searched for a diagnosis, it awkwardly found me.  Receiving a diagnosis was great, but my day to day struggle didnt really change. I live with its symptoms and restrictions. My life occurs in the everyday moments outside of the medical realm that I never could navigate well.

Connective tissue disorders are vague things with a myriad of vague symptoms and hEDS is one of the vaguest of all. Its hard to explain to someone else what it is and how it impacts on every aspect of life. The best Ive been able to do is to approach it on a symptom by symptom basis. Hand it out blow by blow. Let it sink in. Layer it. The sum of it often feels immense. And it is relentless. And forever.

Its a systemic condition, so lets talk about symptoms systematically.

MCAD is not a symptom of EDS, but EDS, POTS and MCAD have recently been linked. Much of the relationship is still unknown, however, a link has been fairly well established. MCAD is an immunological condition in which mast cells inappropriately and excessively release chemical mediators, resulting in a range of chronic symptoms, sometimes including anaphylaxis or near-anaphylaxis attacks. Primary symptoms include cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, neurological and respiratory problems.*  As the symptoms closely overlap those of EDS and the two conditions are linked, Ive included this here.

It wasnt until recent years that MCAS/MCAD made it onto my radar. Its a relatively newly recognised condition (first named in 2007) and again, I had not gone looking for a diagnosis, but one found me by accident. I moved house seven times in six years, received treatment at multiple different hospitals and surgeries and by the end of it, my latest doctor, exasperated by the contradicting jumble of medical notes written by many different physicians, decided to reinvestigate my weird asthma, anaphylaxis and wide-spread allergy symptoms and came up with a totally unexpected new conclusion I had something called Mast Cell Activation Syndrome.

It was the final piece of the puzzle for me. For years Ive suffered from bizarre symptoms seizures, fainting, anaphylaxis, episodes of hypothermia, allergies to everything, weird rashes, severe skin flushing, eye problems, chemical intolerances how I hate perfume and being cold all the time.  Weird doesnt begin to describe life with MCAD. It often feels as if Im allergic to everything.

The symptoms that Ive experienced for decades that didnt neatly fit into my EDS diagnosis fitted in with MCAS like a glove. Its the one diagnosis Im very grateful for as taking steps to mitigate its effects has hugely improved my life quality.

A clinical study published in 2007, Asthma and airways collapse in two heritable disorders of connective tissue, concluded that We have demonstrated, for the first time, that individuals with HMS/BJHS and EDS have respiratory symptoms in association with various pulmonary physiological abnormalities. The increased prevalence of asthma may be due to linkage disequilibrium between the genes causing these conditions or a function of the connective tissue defect itself.

My asthma worsened after relocating to the UK in my twenties. It became debilitating for many years. My asthma is now under control thanks to a combination of histamine-lowering and steroid-based medication.

Lung tissue is fragile and in those with respiratory problems, complications are more likely to occur than in the general population. Ive had a few chronic and recurrent complications these include chronic bronchitis most winters, recurrent haemoptysis, pneumonia and pneumothorax, but since my asthma has been well controlled, I have not experienced any significant complications, other than occasional light bleeding*.

* During cold and flu season, I do experience mild haemoptysis, but as soon as I recover from the viral infection, it clears up. My consultant who investigated my lung issues was confident that its a self-limiting symptom that does not require medical intervention unless it progresses further, which it hasnt in many years.

A severe headache is one of my earliest memories. I have been plagued by severe headaches my whole life; at first episodic during childhood, then chronic in my teens. I have a family history of migraine with aura going back multiple generations.  I collected quite a few different headache diagnoses in my teens and I do experience a wide range of headache types, from typical tension headaches when my neck muscles are too tight to debilitating migraine attacks with wide-ranging aura symptoms, but it is now clear that headache and migraine is one of those annoying friends of EDS and MCAD (Mast Cell Activation Disorder).

It still isnt clear whether its a secondary or co-morbid condition, but Migraine is definitely more common in those with EDS. Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins: Headaches, especially migraine, are common [Rombaut et al 2010b, Rombaut et al 2011a, Rombaut et al 2011b]. Cervical muscle tension, temporomandibular dysfunction and stress are some of the likely contributing factors.¹ It is also common and exacerbated by MCAD. For me, it is one of the most debilitating symptoms I experience. During a severe migraine, I cannot do anything. I cant move, even breathing hurts and the pain is so severe that it has caused me to consider (and on occasion attempt) suicide. It is not just a headache.

For me, it is one of the most debilitating symptoms I experience. During a severe migraine, I cannot do anything. I cant move, even breathing hurts and the pain is so severe that it has caused me to consider (and on occasion attempt) suicide. It is not just a headache. Migraine is a debilitating neurological condition for many, particularly for those, like me, who do not respond or cannot make use of conventional treatments. It is devastating when it becomes chronic.

I experience a transient ischemic attack (TIA) during a migraine when I was in my early twenties, but research indicates that in general, migraine is not a risk factor for having a stroke, except for women 45 years who has migraine with aura and are currently using an oral contraceptive. *  Although I often since have experienced TIA-like symptoms during the aura phase, I dont worry about a stroke risk and feel that at this point in my life, it is no longer a particularly significant risk factor for me.

My migraines were chronic for many years, but in the last few, has returned to being an episodic condition for the most part. I dont know why, the improvement coincided with starting on Montelukast which is a well-known treatment for asthma and MCAD. It may be that migraine is becoming less severe as I am getting older a well-known phenomenon but I know that I get a migraine whenever MCAD flares up and with Montelukast my immune-related symptoms has vastly improved.

I put the milk in the microwave and the toast in the fridge. I pour the coffee over my cereal. I forget things. Word in particular. The cognitive impact of a systemic condition like EDS (and for me also migraine and MCAD) is often underscored. Its tricky to focus. Its difficult to concentrate. Confusion, irritability, poor attention span and impaired memory are symptoms that are difficult to quantify. Theyre less obvious than youd think. Its more than just forgetting where you put your keys although theres a daily search through the house for keys, wallet, phone, glasses, inhalers and shoes. Its as if my brain prefers running on auto-pilot more often than not. Life feels blurred and out of focus. I think through syrup. As Im teaching my six year old to recall 9 + 8 = I realise I dont remember. You dont know your number facts, Mum! I thought you were great at math.

Its the subtle interference not just with daily living tasks, but it seeps into who I am. Its not just perception of the external world that becomes foggy and uncertain, but also those private spaces inside your own thoughts and imagination. I forget who I am. Ive become fuzzy around the edges. My brain isnt working in rows and columns but a miasma of three-dimensional abstract art.

I read somewhere I now dont recall where that MCAD also creates a sense of anxiety and unease and I certainly experience it first hand. During immune flare-ups, Im more irritable and anxious and have a sense of impending doom that is so strong I cant get a restful nights sleep. My thoughts are more erratic and chaotic and emotions those tricky things that are not thought but so closely related to it are heightened. I misinterpret the world, including the emotional underlying subtexts. I feel lost.

It isnt a pleasant experience. In fact, if I had the ability to truly grasp what was happening at the time it would be a downright terrifying experience, but putting the pieces together always feels just out of my reach and life becomes a blur of impressions rather than a logical process. It isnt a permanent state of affairs, its a process that waxes and wanes, but even on the best of days, concentration, memory and focus are challenging things.

Chronic pain is a persistent symptom of EDS. Different types of pain is present: neuropathic pain, muscular pain and acute episodes of pain with subluxations/dislocations and injuries. Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins: Chronic pain, distinct from that associated with acute dislocations, is a serious complication of the condition and can be both physically and psychosocially disabling [Sacheti et al 1997, Hagberg et al 2004, Rombaut et al 2010a, Voermans et al 2010a, Rombaut et al 2011a, Rombaut et al 2011b]. I most certainly find it disabling.

Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain is usually chronic burning, sharp, stabbing and shooting pain that may be accompanied by allodynia (harmless stimuli, like light touch provoking pain), hyperpathia (a short episode of discomfort causing prolonged severe pain) and hyperalgesia (discomfort, which would otherwise be mild, being felt as severe pain). One of my odd symptoms that fell in place after my EDS diagnosis is burning feet syndrome.

Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins: Neuropathic pain variably described as electric, burning, shooting, numb, tingling, or hot or cold discomfort, may occur in a radicular or peripheral nerve distribution or may appear to localize to an area surrounding one or more joints [Camerota et al 2010]. One hypothesis is that neuropathic pain may result from direct nerve impingement (e.g., by subluxed vertebrae, herniated discs, vertebral osteoarthritis, or peripheral joint subluxations). In addition, there may be mild-to-moderate nerve compression within areas of myofascial spasm.

Muscular Pain

Muscular pain feels different from neuropathic pain. It is the general throbbing aches and pains most people experience when they have the flu, except that its more pronounced around and between joints. I was diagnosed with Fibromyalgia, chronic back pain and myofascial pain syndrome prior to EDS and do find that widespread muscular pain is a persistent problem.

Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins: Muscular or myofascial pain, localized around or between joints, often described as aching, throbbing, or stiff in quality, may be attributable to myofascial spasm, and palpable spasm with tender points (consistent with fibromyalgia) is often demonstrable, especially in the paravertebral musculature [Castori et al 2010a, Rombaut et al 2010b, Rombaut et al 2011a, Rombaut et al 2011b]. Myofascial spasm possibly occurs in response to chronic joint instability, but this has not been systematically studied.

Myofascial release often provides temporary relief, but unless you can afford regular myofascial therapy, muscle pain is a daily constant with little relief.

Fatigue is a common and debilitating symptom. Dr Alan Hakim provides more information via the HMSA about chronic fatigue and hypermobility syndromes here. He states that chronic fatigue is often an overwhelming lack of energy that may appear after even the most minimal activity and that The cause for such profound symptoms is unclear and may be related to pain, autonomic dysfunction, and poor sleep patterns and sleep quality. Addressing these issues may help relieve the severity of the fatigue.

Chronic fatigue is a variable symptom. There are periods where fatigue is minimal and I am able to make it through the day without need a rest whilst at other times, I wake up in the morning and dread having to reach for the light switch on the bedside table. Just moving my hand seem to require more energy than I can muster. For me, chronic fatigue as a symptom is most closely linked to MCAD. I experience severe fatigue during a flare-up alongside the other symptoms and as soon as  I step-up my histamine lowering regime, the fatigue is significantly less within 2-3 weeks.

Autonomic dysfunction/dysautonomia, POTS (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome) in particular, is closely associated with EDS and in the last 5 10 years, an interesting trifecta of POTS, EDS and MCAD have been identified. There are multiple overlapping symptoms between the three conditions and it remains unclear whether one is causative. If youve been diagnosed with one of these, its generally worth investigating the likelihood of also having the other two.

Common symptoms of POTS include chronic fatigue, dizzy spells and fainting (particularly when changing positions), palpitations and sometimes chest pain and shortness of breath. I started experiencing these symptoms in my teens and found them particularly debilitating during my teens and twenties. Unrelenting fatigue was pervasive. I was initially diagnosed with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, neurally mediated hypotension, vasovagal syncope and later on Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) and Mitral Valve Prolapse. Interestingly, the MVP is intermittent (which is apparently highly unusual). One check-up its there and next time it isnt and then its back again.

After seeing a specialist familiar with POTS, I wore a 24-hour event monitor, endured a tilt table test and due to having seizure-like symptoms when I fainted during the test, also had vagal excitation tests whilst under continuous EEG and ECG monitoring. I was then diagnosed with POTS, as well as reflex anoxic seizures, a benign condition that doesnt require any medication, caused by a reduction in cerebral perfusion by oxygenated blood, usually seen in young children. I think my consultant went out on a limb with that one, but it was the only possible explanation that matched my symptoms and test results at the time twenty years ago now. I would imagine if I were to be diagnosed today, that the seizures would probably ascribed to MCAD.

Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins on POTS:Many individuals with EDS, hypermobility (and classic) type report atypical chest pain, palpitations at rest or on exertion, and/or orthostatic intolerance with syncope or near syncope [Rowe et al 1999, Gazit et al 2003, Mathias et al 2012]. Holter monitoring usually shows normal sinus rhythm, but sometimes reveals premature atrial complexes or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Tilt table testing may reveal neurally mediated hypotension (NMH) and/or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).¹

I no longer experience debilitating dysautonomia and I can tolerate some caffeine consumption at a low level. I do still have episodes that last a few hours to days where symptoms flare up in association with other MCAD symptoms, but never as severe as they used to be. Its almost always caused by a specific trigger and as soon as address the immune-mediated issue and I rest, drink a lot of water and sort out any electrolyte imbalance, it clears up pretty quickly.

More about Autonomic Nervous System and Hypermobility Syndromes at the HMSA here and Autonomic Dysfunction and POTS at Ehlers-Danlos Support UK here.

A note on my family history of vascular complications

Vascular complications is not a symptom of hypermobility type EDS. Ive not had any vascular complications and hopefully never will, but with a family history of vascular symptoms I am aware of the complications and incidents associated with it, like arterial rupture, intestinal rupture, uterine rupture during pregnancy, rarely organ rupture (heart ventricular rupture, spleen, liver), aortic dilation, dissection of major arteries,  stroke, intracranial aneurysmal rupture, spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, cervical artery aneurysm, gastrointestinal perforation or rupture. I think it more likely a coincidence than a potential overlap, so its not something Im concerned about.

The hallmark symptoms of hEDS is joint instability, hypermobility, subluxations and dislocations. Dislocations and subluxations are not the spectacular event that most people seem to anticipate and medical intervention is usually not required, however that doesnt make it painless or insignificant. Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins: Joint laxity, instability and excessive joint motion is frequently evident on routine activity, even in the absence of overt subluxation or dislocation.

I find joint instability, subluxations and dislocations challenging. I spent a long time learning anatomy and was fortunate enough to have a friend who also happened to be a medical professional who helped me figure out what my joints are doing and how best to fix it, so I dont have to trek down to AE every time something goes spectacularly wrong.  Joints do not just pop out in the traditional way as is seen in trauma, they twist and turn in at various different and weird angles. It isnt always obvious, but it happens all the time.

For me, something is always out of place. There isnt a minute in a day where there isnt a bone that is sticking into soft tissue in a way that it shouldnt, somewhere in my body. And no, you dont get used to it, you just learn to live with the discomfort and pain because there is no other choice.

Strong muscles can be recruited to assist ligaments in joint stabilization, which is why its so vital to build muscle tone and maintain healthy, strong muscles. I used a wheelchair for many years when the myriad of symptoms was so debilitating that I couldnt face the additional complexity and pain of having to walk as part of daily life. Prior to that, I was housebound for many years, unable on most days to just make it into the garden without symptoms becoming overwhelming. Between dislocations, POTS symptoms so severe I fainted when I stood up, migraine aggravated by movement and constant dizziness. A wheelchair has been highly detrimental to my musculoskeletal health. Muscles deteriorate and deconditioning at an alarming rate when you have EDS and the only thing that really keeps my joints in place is strong muscles which is difficult to have when you rarely weight bare.

Its often commented upon that I must be much better because I walk and assumed that I no longer need any mobility support. This is simply not the case. My joints are no better they still dislocated regularly and partially dislocated all the time every day. It remains incredibly painful. Last week I taught my six-year old who also has EDS to walk with her hands in her hoodie pockets strategically positioned on her hips so that her hands could help keep her hip joint in place as she walked. It doesnt work 100%, but enough that you can make it back to the car after a hip dislocation without having to call for the wheelchair. So thats why you always have your hands in your pockets like that, she remarked, its because you cant walk without your hips popping out and it hurts ever so much. Yes, indeed.

Walking isnt fun. It isnt easy. Its a huge challenge and it isnt something I can do whenever I please. There are parts of the day, days of the week, weeks in a year where it simply isnt possible. Even when it is, its very painful and dislocations continue to happen any time and most happen whilst walking (or when falling over when walking). Walking is an extreme sport in our house. Its lead to dislocated kneecaps, bilateral hip dislocations, shoulder dislocations, spinal dislocations, ankle, feet and toe dislocations. But the reward is so worth it. Getting as much exercise as we can means that joints dont just fall out all the time  even when youre completely still.

If I had a different lifestyle, I would have to continue to use a wheelchair on a daily basis but thankfully, I get to choose when and how often I am able to move every day. When I cant walk, I dont. When I can, I do. Always just that little bit extra. That small push to build just a little bit more muscle tone. It provides me with a sense of freedom that I appreciate. I enjoy going for a walk. Even if I have to hold my hips in my hands in order to be able to do it.

An often overlooked, invisible symptom is EDS impact on balance and proprioception. Proprioception is the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation. It is that internal sense of knowing where each part of the body is without looking at it. It’s permanently impaired in those with EDS and can lead to problems with balance and coordination.

Im clumsy. I walk into things, I struggle to walk well in less light because Im not sure where I am unless I can see objects around me. I find that I do many things consciously that other people seem to do subconsciously. I can t walk on uneven surfaces. Im useless on snow and perpetually slip in the winter. I am always calculating distances, approximating location and sometimes miss my mouth when I eat, thinking my fork is closer than it actually is. I am not afraid of heights, but I do have a fear of falling, not on level surfaces, but when faced with tall spiral staircases or cliff edges because Im never sure where the edge actually is.

Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins: Poor balance is common, with an increased incidence of falls and occasionally fear of falling [Rombaut et al 2011c].

Strains, sprains, microscopic tears, ruptures, nerve/vascular compression, head injuries, stress fractures and a hundred other common injuries occur more readily in those with EDS. Its not too bad if it affects just one joint in one way at any given time, but its often multiple issues at the same time. They tend to be recurrent or chronic and injuries take longer to heal and are more likely to develop complications.

My list includes the following and then more that I cant be bothered to try and recall: Feet and Ankles: Chronic plantar fasciitis, Pes planus, Achilles Tendon Enthesopathy, Achilles tendinitis, Achilles bursitis, Achilles tendon partial/complete tear, recurrent ligamentous sprains, medial plantar nerve entrapment, metatarsal stress fracture, bilateral posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Knee: Condromalacia Patellae (anterior knee pain), Tibial stress fractures, tibial torsion, suprapatellar bursitis, meniscal tears, fat pad inflammation, patellofemoral syndrome (runners knee), shin splints and growing pains in childhood, knee sprains, quadriceps tendon partial tears, Osgood-Schlatter Disease, ACL PCL injuries, Bakers Cyst. Hips and back:Chronic back pain, lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, labral tears, hip bursitis, snapping hip, sacroiliitis, lumbar facet joint syndrome, radiculopathy, piriformis syndrome, sciatica, cervical spondylosis.Shoulder, ribs SCJ: costochondritis, Seperated shoulder, Type I and II acromioclavicular joint injuries, acromioclavicular joint sprains, shoulder bursitis, rotator cuff  and bicipital tendonitis, adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder). Head and Jaw: Temperomandibular joint disorder (TMD), concussion, mild traumatic brain injury, moderate traumatic brain injury. Elbow: cubital tunnel syndrome (bilateral), lateral epicondylitis (Tennis elbow), bursitis. Wrist: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (bilateral), recurrent ligamentous sprain, digital tendinitis, bilateral swan neck deformities, proximal interphalangeal joint sprains.

I havent sought medical treatment for musculoskeletal injuries in a very long time. I just deal with it. In the greater scheme of things, a case of runners knee or tennis elbow has become akin to having a cold. I adapt my daily physio program, I check for complications, rest, apply ice, compression and elevation and wait for it to get better again. I have a cupboard filled with customised splints if I need them. An acute injury isnt very from a dislocated kneecap which is more common that the common cold and so for the most part, I dont really see it as a significant problem, just a short-term annoying extra to deal with.

I do appreciate the positive aspects of having smooth and soft skin. The type of skin most people have on their eyelids is the type of skin those with EDS have everywhere. The negative side is that soft, smooth skin is also fragile and delicate. Pulling a plaster off quickly pulls off a layer of skin. My skin is prone to split, tear, blister, ulcerate, chafe and itch. Sunburn happens easily and excessively and so does rashes, scarring and stretch marks. Ehlers-Danlos Support UK has detailed information in an article written by Dr Nigel Burrows MD FRCP, Addenbrookes NHS Trust, Cambridge here.

Due to MCAD, it often feels as if Im allergic to everything. I have a sun allergy (for a while my rheumatologist was convinced I had lupus despite auto-immune test results being negative because I had immune-like flareups and a definite rash whenever my skin was exposed to sunlight, which is common in lupus). I get hives and rashes, Raynauds and ulcers all of which are exacerbated by my soft skin that just isnt robust enough to withstand the allergic onslaught.  It isnt fun.

Im always covered in bruises and always have been. I used to think how did that happen until my rheumatologist remarked that I bruise spontaneously and so nothing happened. I often have fingers edged into my upper arms when someone grabs me as I was about to fall over or where pressure was applied to relocate a joint. The falling over and bumping into things doesnt help either. Spontaneous bruising can be a disconcerting symptom, but although unsightly, its quite harmless at the mild and moderate levels I experience.

It takes on average about four times longer for me to heal than the average person. I have had stitches tear out and combined with prolonged bleeding and resistance to local anaesthesia this have made for some interesting trips to AE. I scar easily. I have some silver lines and more serious injuries have left atrophic scars, i.e. cigarette paper scars. Some fade over months and years whilst others are very permanent.

Cold intolerance has been linked with both EDS and MCAD. My body doesnt adapt to changes in temperature like it should. I am always cold a symptom of MCAD.  In the winter, my skin suffers the worst from cold intolerance. I have  acrocyanosis, chillblains, levido reticularis,  Raynauds Syndrome and complications in the past include developing ulcers and a long time ago, ulcers lead to gangrene on my fingers once. In the summer I dont do much better. I get heat rashes and a rash after exposed to sunlight. I have hayfever with

In the summer I dont do much better. I get heat rashes and a rash after exposed to sunlight. I have hayfever with a runny nose and itchy eyes and scratchy throat and my skin issues then lead to sores and bleeding. Its not uncommon for the skin next to my nose to bleed and scab over from frequent tissue use. My throat becomes raw and starts to bleed. Im allergic to summer, Im sure of it.

Associated closely with vascular type EDS, but also common in other types. I have a family history of varicose veins which have lead to superficial thrombophlebitis and deep vein thrombosis in more than one relative. I dont have varicose veins, but I do wear compression socks and stockings on and off as it alleviates POTS symptoms and hopefully will prevent varicose veins.

Piezogenic papules (tiny herniations of fat around the heel when weight baring) are common but rarely painful and keratosis pilaris (permanent chicken skin) may be more common.¹  These are the annoying, yet harmless symptoms. Its not too bad at the top of my arms where its rarely visible, but the fascial keratosis pilaris combined with the skin flushing can be rather self-consciousness inducing.

Characterised by menometrorrhagia, menorrhagia, nosebleeds and other fun stuff;  clinically mimics von Willebrand disease, but von Willebrand factor, platelet number and function, and coagulation factor studies are almost always normal  (Levy,2007). Mostly its an annoyance, a paper cut keeps bleeding, but it also increases the risk of excessive bleeding (haemorrhage) when undergoing surgery or suffering serious injuries or less serious, like getting a nosebleed. I used to get servere chronic nosebleed on hot days, but the frequency of these was significantly reduced with surgery.

Structures and organs in the body are usually surrounded by muscle tissue or a membrane layer. A hernia is when a part of the structure or organ protrudes through the structure that normally contains it. I havent had any serious complaints, although diaphragmatic hernias is a recurrent issue. A prolapse is a condition where structures or organs slip out of place because the surrounding tissue weakens and no longer keep it in the position its suppose to be. Again, its not something that Ive had much experience of. I have mitral valve prolapse, a condition in which the mitral valve slips into the left atrium during contraction of the heart chambers allowing some regurgitation.

Digestive problems affect at least half of those with classical and hypermobility EDS and MCAD also comes with significant digestive involvement. Its again not a single diagnosis with a simple explanation, but a mixture of symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome and diverticulitis. Ehlers-Danlos Support UK has an extensive article on the digestive problems associated with EDS here and the HMSA provide information about Bowel Problems here.

Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins:Functional bowel disorders are common and underrecognized, affecting 33%-67% of individuals with EDS, hypermobility and classic types [Levy et al 1999, Castori et al 2010a].

More details about the gastrointestinal issues associated with EDS here at ehlers-danlos.org

Digestive symptoms are a bit embaressing and when they flare up, can be rather debilitating.

The bones in the inner ear can also be hypermobile, leading to some hearing loss. Read more about EDS and hearing loss at EDNF. For reasons not yet established, tinnitus and hyperacousis seem to have a higher occurrence in those with EDS. I also have Auditory Processing Disorder caused by a head injury unrelated to EDS.

EDS can lead to some speech and language issues, like those outlined in EDS and Speech and Language Issues written by Amanda Jenner and Lynne Shields PhD. Articulation problems, swallowing problems, hoarseness/weak voice, fluency and hearing loss/sensitivity are all mentioned. I experience these intermittently and it usually presents problems after the fact rather than function as a barrier. I tend to suffer symptoms, like pain and jaw subluxation/dislocation after long meetings that required a lot of talking which then affects my ability to communicate for a few days afterwards.

One of the reasons I gave up my job that entailed many public speaking events was due to the resultant voice issues it created to the point where I was incapable of talking normally unless I left long periods for recovery in between speaking engagements. Sore throat, hoarseness and clear annunciation are some of the more hidden challenges of living with EDS. Voice issues are usually intermittent, but recurrent and it does limit how much I can talk and communicate on a day-to-day basis. More information from Ehlers-Danlos Support UK here.

I experienced blurred and tunnel vision and can have difficulty focusing my eyes, something associated with autonomic problems that can make it difficult to read smaller text sizes or differentiate text against a low contrast background. MCAD also brings  visual symptoms eye discomfort, recurrent conjunctivitis and the well-known itchy, tearing eyes of allergies. I also started having problems with large floaters in my visual field in my teens, confirmed by an opthalmologist to be harmless, but that can be very distracting at times as it fills more than 70% of my vision.

I have visual migraine auras, but these symptoms usually last for less than an hour and only occur preceding a migraine attack. On the strange side of things, I can also see through my eyelids to the point where if someone holds up a number of fingers I can tell them how many I see. It also means that I struggle to sleep if rooms are not dark.  My husband also insists that I have mutant genes because I can see in the dark. I have not come across any literature about night vision (or seeing through ones eyelids) and EDS, but I can definitely can see better in the dark than anyone I know and so can my daughter.

Photophobia

I have photophobia that ranges from moderate to severe. At the best of times, my eyes are light sensitive despite my best attempts to live in brighter spaces and due to migraine, fluorescent light, flickering and flashing is not something I can tolerate.

Chronic pain often disrupts sleep and joint issues occur regularly during the night. I have issues falling asleep and go through periods where insomnia is a persistent problem. I sublux joints and dislocate kneecaps turning over in bed, have bad dreams and wake up frequently throughout the night and then I cant get back to sleep afterwards. Migraine headaches start in the early morning hours, disrupting sleep and asthma symptoms are more prevalent during the night. Allergy symptoms often flare up during the night and during immune flare-ups, I get severe heartburn and digestive symptoms that disrupt sleep as well as the typical allergy symptoms also not condusice to a good nights sleep.

Various sleep disorders are common in those with EDS. I dont consider the diagnosis I have compiled over many years particularly significant, like bruxism, nocturnal myoclonus/periodic limb movement disorder, sleep paralysis and restless leg syndrome (RLS) as again, I think it is all symptomatic of EDS. It does make it challenging to fall asleep and remain asleep for long enough so that sleep can be restful.

I have a history of severe depression and it is a common co-morbid condition to EDS, MCAD, POTS and chronic pain. Howard P Levy, MD, PhD at Johns Hopkins:

Validation of the affected individuals symptoms can be immensely helpful, as many with EDS, hypermobility type have been accused of malingering or diagnosed with primary psychiatric disorders by previous physicians

Depression is a common result of the chronic pain, disability, and other complications. Psychological and/or pain-oriented counseling can improve adaptation to and acceptance of these issues and the necessary physical limitations. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be particularly beneficial, but requires active patient participation [Baeza-Velasco et al 2011].

I have received extensive Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, tried a large variety of anti-depressants over many years (none helped me) and have attended more than one pain management clinic which had limited value. Like many with EDS, I have been accused of malingering, attention-seeking and exaggeration, not just before my EDS diagnosis, but also afterwards by medical professionals either unfamiliar with EDS or physiotherapists/occupational therapists who did not take invisible or intermittent symptoms (which were absent at the time of an assessment) into account. It is a devastating and traumatic experience.

I freely admit that I do have mental health issues and that particularly before and immediately after I was diagnosed, I had significant issues coming to terms with all the physical symptoms that impact on daily living, but I also do have a serious physical condition that is not imaginary. I received counselling for many years to overcome these issues and learn to live well with a chronic health condition, but every time I am accused of exaggeration and malingering yet again and have my opinion discounted because of it, I really struggle to remain positive and employ the coping strategies I have learned.

I was diagnosed with Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder as a teenager, prior to being diagnosed with EDS and POTS. The main source of my anxiety is around doctors, assessments and medical reports due to the fact that I have been subjected to assessments, tests and medical judgements my whole life and many have been unpleasant. I have been described as uncooperative, attention-seeking, hysterical, exaggerating my symptoms and malingering. I have been told by professionals who have only met me once or twice after looking at my (incomplete) medical notes, which it turns out is missing many key reports and information, basically that I cannot possibly be as severely affected as I say I am and that theres absolutely nothing wrong with me.

I have been discounted, disbelieved and treated with an unhealthy amount of antagonism and animosity. Instances like these exacerbate my anxiety. I am a pretty anxious person by nature. I am generally terrified of health professionals and medical appointments.

I have OCD . I have always had OCD. I am reasonably high functioning for someone with OCD, but it isnt an easy condition to live with. I would say its the condition thats hardest on the people around me theres something innately irritating, annoying and worrying about watching someones repetitive routines that they cant seem to break out of.

I check things. Everything. Taps, switches, oven knobs, windows, door locks, the kettle, the toaster, the TV, my computer, my phone, my laptop, car doors, candles, directions, instructions, the mail, anything I write or say, my wallet, my phone apps, my bag, my inhalers, my medication, my symptoms, whether I can still bend my fingers. I check things until my fingers bleed or dislocate so many times from pushing buttons that I cant bend them anymore.

I count things. Everything. I always have some equation in my head that I am trying to balance with environmental cues and until I do, I stay in one place. I dont walk through doors until Ive balanced out the door panels and frame. I dont get into a vehicle until I have added up the number of straight lines it has. I count steps and often take an extra step or two to reach the right number in my head. On bad days I may even go back to where I started and start all over again because I messed up the patter in my head. I work out the volume capacity of each glass or mug I use. I calculate everything.

I love redundancy. I build in redundancy. My daughter was able to say redundancy before she was 2. I cant function without redundancy.

I get better as I get older. Coping strategies stick for longer. I still check things. I still worry. I worry that I only think I checked it but actually didnt. I worry that in checking something I caused the spark that is going to burn down the house. You see I dont just check, I have to turn switches to make sure. I turn on the kettle to make sure it was turned off before, but then I worry that maybe the second time I didnt turn it off again, so I have to check again.

Lucky for me, my husband came along. Someone I can trust to do the checking for me. He wouldnt leave the kettle on. He now has a list of check-lists and when I get anxious, he goes and checks. I ask, did you check everything, is it all okay? And if he says yes, I trust him. I trust him even when I feel like I dont want to trust him.

I still ruminate. I write a lot. I talk a lot. I worry about what I type. I worry about every single conversation I have for days, months, years afterwards. I go over and over it in my head until I cant sleep or eat or relax. Did I get it right? Did I exaggerate? I hate exaggeration. Was I clear? Was I precise? What did the other person think of me? Did they think I was crazy? Weird? Lying? Looking for attention? Did they notice that I count things? Did they notice that I couldnt understand them? Does it really matter?

I have learned to live with my OCD as long as my husband who is there 24-hours every day to keeps me on track. To make sure I dont go down the rabbit hole and lose my life. I am very lucky.

I have a nickle and mercury allergy (confirmed with allergy testing), APD (Auditory Processing Disorder) and I was diagnosed with a biopsy with IgA Nephropathy in childhood, but after a few flare ups that responded well to steroids, I have been asymptomatic for years. None of these have any links with EDS.

Diagnoses prior to EDS

I was diagnosed with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia and Somatization Disorder (and other similar psychiatric diagnoses) prior to my EDS diagnosis.

Dr Levy states: Affected individuals are often diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, depression, hypochondriasis, and/or malingering prior to recognition of joint laxity and establishment of the correct underlying diagnosis and that A subset of individuals with fibromyalgia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome may have EDS as the underlying etiology.

I dont think I am faking the level of pain, fatigue and disability EDS has caused, I dont think I exaggerate my symptoms or their impact and I dont think mental and physical health can be compartmentalized nothing is ever just in your head.

I think there is always a mental health component to physical symptoms (pain is worse when Im feeling depressed) and always a physical component to mental health symptoms.

I think that from the person actually experiencing these symptoms point of view, there is no real distinction between different conditions or states, it is all just a part of who I am.

This article was last update on 26 January 2017.