Define fear | Dictionary and Thesaurus

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Catalan: témer, respectarHungarian: félJapanese: 畏れる(osoreru)Kurdish:Kurmanji: tirsînSorani: ترسینMalay: takutSee alsophobiaIrishPronunciationlang=ga|[fʲaɾˠ]EtymologyFrom fer, from , from . Compare Welsh gŵr, Latinvir, Old English wer.manhusband, male spouseDeclensionMutationScottish GaelicPronunciation[fɛɾ]manhusband, male spouseDeclensionFirst declension; forms with the definitearticle:West FrisianferryExtensive DefinitionFear is an emotional response to tangibleand realistic dangers. Fear should be distinguished from anxiety, an emotion that oftenarises out of proportion to the actual threat or danger involved,and can be subjectively experienced without any specific attentionto the threatening object.Most fear is usually connected to pain (e.g.,some fear heights because if they fall, they may suffer severeinjury or even die upon landing). Behavioral theorists, likeWatsonand Ekman, havesuggested that fear is one of several very basic emotions (e.g., joy and anger). Fear is a survivalmechanism, and usually occurs in response to a specific negativestimulus.EtymologyThe Old English term fǣr meant not the emotionengendered by a calamity or disaster but rather the event itself.The first recorded usage of the term "fear" with the sense of the“emotion of fear” is found in a medieval work written in MiddleEnglish and composed around 1290. The most probable explanation forthe change in the meaning of the word fear is the existence in OldEnglish of the related verb fǣran, which meant “to terrify, take bysurprise.”VarietiesSerious fear is a response to some formidableimpending peril, while trifling fear arises from confrontation withinconsequential danger.Fear can be described by different terms inaccordance with its relative degrees. Personal fear variesextremely in degree from mild caution to extreme phobia and paranoia. Fear is related to anumber of emotional states including worry, anxiety, terror, fright, paranoia, horror,panic (social andpersonal), persecutioncomplex and dread.Fears may be a factor within a larger socialnetwork, wherein personal fears are synergetically compoundedas masshysteria.Paranoia is a termused to describe a psychosis of fear, described as a heightenedperception of being persecuted, false or otherwise. This degree offear often indicates that one has changed their normal behavior inradical ways, and may have become extremely compulsive. Sometimes,the result of extreme paranoia is a phobia.Distrust in thecontext of interpersonal fear, is sometimes explained as the inwardfeeling of caution,usually focused towards a person, representing an unwillingness totrustin someone else. Distrust is not a lack of faith or belief insomeone, but a feeling of warning towards someone orsomething questionable or unknown. For example, one may "distrust"a stranger who acts in a way that is perceived as "odd." Likewiseone may "distrust" the safety of a rusty old bridgeacross a 100 ft drop.Terror refers to a pronounced state of fear - which usuallyoccurs before the state of horror -when someone becomes overwhelmed with a sense of immediate danger.Also, it can be caused by perceiving the (possibly extreme) phobia.As a consequence, terror overwhelms the person to the point ofmaking irrational choices and non-typical behavior.Fear can also affect the subconscious andunconscious mind, most notably through nightmares.Fear can also be imagined, and the side effectscan also be imagined.CausesAlthough fear is an innate response, objects of fearcan be learned. This has been studied in psychology as fearconditioning, beginning with Watson's LittleAlbert experiment in 1920. In this study, an 11-month-old boywas conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory. In the realworld, fear may also be acquired by a traumatic accident. Forexample, if a child falls into a well and struggles to get out, heor she may develop a fear of wells, enclosed spaces (claustrophobia) or ofwater (aquaphobia).Researchers have found that certain fears (e.g.animals, heights) are much more common than others (e.g. flowers,clouds). They are also much easier to induce in the laboratory.This phenomenon has been called preparedness.Physiologically, the fear response is linked to activity in theamygdala of thelimbicsystem.The experience of fear may also be influenced bysocial norms and values. In the early 20th century, many peoplefeared polio, a diseasewhich cripples the body part it affects, leaving the body partimmobilized for the rest of one's life.CharacteristicsBehavioralAppeal tofearCulture offearDisgustFear ofdeathSigmundFreudGuiltHope andfearIslandtamenessLitanyagainst fearPanicPhobiaNight terrorShameStrategyof tensionReferencesFurther readingJoannaBourke (2005), Fear: a cultural history, ViragoCoreyRobin (2004), Fear: the history of a political idea, OxfordUniversity PressDuenwald, Mary. "The Psychology of ...Facial Expressions"Discovery Magazine Vol. 26 NO. 1Krishnamurti, J. (1995), On Fear, Harper Collins, ISBN0-06-251014-2External linksFreedomfrom Fear: Taking Back Control of Your Life and DissolvingDepression: a book review. This book is about depression: howto avoid it, how to recover from it and in particular, the rolethat fear plays in it.Quotationson FearTheSmell of Fear, a Research StudyCatholicEncyclopedia "Fear (in Canon Law)"CatholicEncyclopedia "Fear (from a Moral Standpoint)"How StuffWorks - FearFearless News - Anonline community collecting statistics on fear in mass mediaTranscending FearOrganization - educational organization dedicated to feareducationNeurobiology of Fearfear in Arabic: خوفfear in Bulgarian: Страхfear in Catalan: Porfear in Czech: Strachfear in Welsh: Ofnfear in German: Furchtfear in Estonian: Hirmfear in Modern Greek (1453-): Φόβοςfear in Spanish: Miedofear in Esperanto: Timofear in Persian: ترسfear in French: Peurfear in Galician: Medofear in Croatian: Strahfear in Ido: Pavorofear in Inuktitut: ᐃᓂᖅᑐᐃᒍᑎ/iniqtuigutifear in Icelandic: Óttifear in Italian: Paurafear in Hebrew: פחדfear in Lithuanian: Baimėfear in Dutch: Angstfear in Japanese: 恐怖fear in Norwegian: Fryktfear in Polish: Strachfear in Portuguese: Medofear in Romanian: Fricăfear in Quechua: Manchakuyfear in Russian: Страхfear in Sicilian: Scantufear in Simple English: Fearfear in Slovak: Strachfear in Serbian: Страхfear in Finnish: Pelkofear in Swedish: Rädslafear in Ukrainian: Страхfear in Yiddish: שרעקfear in Samogitian: Baimėsfear in Chinese: 敬畏Synonyms, Antonyms and RelatedWordsabulia,agitation, alarm, all-overs, angst, anticipate, anxiety, anxiety hysteria,anxiety neurosis, anxious bench, anxious concern, anxious seat,anxiousness,apprehend, apprehension, apprehensiveness,attack of nerves, awe, backdown, balance, beafraid, bete noire, bogey,bogy, buck fever, bugbear, cankerworm of care,care, case of nerves,chicken-liveredness, chickenheartedness,cold feet, cold sweat, concern, concernment, consternation, cowardice, cowardliness, cravenness, debate, deliberate, demur, diffidence, discomposure, dismay, disquiet, disquietude, distress, disturbance, dread, esteem, excessive irritability,expect, eye askance,faintheart, faintheartedness,faintness, falter, fearfulness, feeblemindedness,feebleness, fidgetiness, fidgets, foreboding, forebodingness, forebodings, foresee, frailty, fright, funk, hang back, have qualms, hemand haw, henheartedness, hesitate, hesitation, horror, hover, hum and haw, imagine, infirmity, inquietude, jib, lily-liveredness, malaise, milksopism, milksoppiness, milksoppishness,misgive, misgiving, morbidexcitability, nerves,nervosity, nervousstomach, nervous strain, nervous tension, nervousness, nightmare, overanxiety, panic, panickiness, pause, perturbation, phobia, pigeonheartedness,pins and needles, pliability, ponder, presentiment, pucker, pull back, qualms, quiver, respect, retreat, revere, reverence, scare, scruple, second thoughts,shilly-shally, shrink from, shudder at, shy, sit upon thorns, softness, solicitude, spell of nerves,spinelessness,stage fright, stand aghast, state of nerves, stew, stick at, stickle, stop to consider,straddle the fence, strain, strain at, suspect, suspense, tension, terror, think twice about,tic, timidity, timidness, timorousness, trepidation, trepidity, trouble, twitching, unease, uneasiness, unmanfulness, unmanliness, unquietness, upset, vellication, venerate, veneration, vexation, weak will,weak-mindedness, weakheartedness,weakness, withdraw, worry, yellowness, yield, zeal

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